Speech Animal Cruelty Essay - 498 Words

Speech: Animal Cruelty A Beagle becomes a chain smoker in a medical lab. He smokes through a machine linked to his wind pipe by a tube. This experiment is designed to study the connection between smoking and lung disease. Between seventeen and twenty-two million animals are used in research each year. Another astonishing fact is that city pounds put to sleep between ten and sixteen point seven million dogs and cats each year. Well I know you are all saying Yeah, Yeah but it is painless and the pounds are humane because they put the animals to sleep painlessly. True, they do put the animals to sleep painlessly but, what you dont know is that 1.1% of all dogs and cats in the pound go to research labs. We need†¦show more content†¦Us as citizens though have many rights and have a voice. People need to use these gifts to help. One way people can help is to volunteer. The benefits of the SPCA is that its volunteers not only help the animals but, people and the community, too. According to Warren Cox, executive director of the SPCA We must work together to create a better world foe people and for animals...a place of love, kindness, and compassion. The SPCAs mission statement is  · To offer refuge, medical care, nourishment and an opportunity for a second chance for life to unwanted animals in our community  · To protect animals from cruelty, neglect, carelessness and ignorance  · To offer a public sentiment of humanity and gentleness toward animals  · To encourage and promote responsible pet ownership They not only have plans to remove a pet, but they also have plans to keep a pet with in a home and try to help the owner. When an elderly needs help with a pet and cannot properly take care it then volunteers step into help so the elderly and the pet can still stay together. That program is called Homeward bound. They also have dog walking programs, grooming programs, food banks, animal hospitals, adoptathons, and affordable spay and neuter clinics. Like I said before they also help people like the elderly program, Homeward Bound, but they also have programs for pet owners who are homeless, government assisted people, or the mentally ill.Show MoreRelatedEssay on Informative Speech Outline: Animal Cruelty1987 Words   |  8 PagesMillions of animals are abused each year. Over a million of these animals are abused or killed just due to the involvement with domestic violence. Despite animal cruelty being a felony which can result in jail time for over 15 years and 500,000 dollars in fines, it is still an issue which occurs on a daily basis across the United States. It is important for these animals to not go unnoticed, which can be achieved if society became more enlightened and educated on the topic of animal cruelty. (PacelleRead MoreEnglish Speech Of Animal Cruelty : Animal Speech1102 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish Speech-Animal Cruelty A famous quote by Gandhi reads, ‘The greatness of a nation and its moral progress can be judged by the way its animals are treated.’ Over 115 million animals including mice, dogs, cats, rabbits, monkeys and many others are killed in testing laboratory’s each year. Millions of animals die of neglect each year. 322 animals have become extinct in the past 500 because of humans. What does this have to say about our society? My name is Cambria Hunt and I am here to open yourRead MoreAnimal Cruelty Persuasive Speech962 Words   |  4 Pagespermits unnecessary pain, suffering or injury to an animal is held accountable. You should listen to my speech because it will explain to you why you should stand up against animal cruelty. I will try to persuade you with logic and you can make up your mind after listening. I believe we should side against animal cruelty because animals suffer serious bodily harm from the abuse, animals cannot defend themselves and people who commit animal cruelty usually commit acts of violence against humans. WeRead MorePersuasive Speech On Animal Cruelty1014 Words   |  5 Pagesemployee if the animals are happy to be here; which makes you think, are these animals really all that happy about being adopted? Some of the dogs at the store are cheerful and high spirited with their tails wagging, bright eyes, and playful personality; while some of the dogs are miserable and lethargic, with no wagging tails, droopy eyes, and no interest in humans what so ever. Many dogs, and not just dogs, suffer from several dreadful things that humans do to them, which can cause the animal to have aRead MoreInformative Speech Of Animal Cruelty On Domestic Pets And Animals813 Words   |  4 Pagesand I will be giving a speech on the topic of Animal Cruelty on Domestic Pets/Animals. Let me start off by defining animal cruelty. Animal cruelty or animal abuse is the harm and suffering done to animals by humans; whether it be intentional or uninten tional (2). Unintentional animal abuse is when a person neglects and ignores the suffering of an animal (2). The other form of abuse is intentional animal cruelty, which is when an individual causes harm or injury to an animal on purpose just to feelRead MorePersuasive Speech About Animal Cruelty1409 Words   |  6 Pageshorrify and heartbreaking? People say they love animals but that’s false. Something that animal lovers don’t know is that 56 billion farmed animals are killed every year by humans and 200 million animals are reported killed by hunters in the United States every year. Treating animals for their fur and bones is not good for them and us. There meat can cause cancer, using their belongings is depressing and there should be more compassionate for them. I see animals as humans because they can feel happinessRead MorePersuasive Speech Outline (Using Monroes Motivated Sequence Essay1044 Words   |  5 PagesDee Speech Animal Laws Should Be More Strict Many people may not know that animal cruelty has been around for hundreds of years. . In the article Animal Cruelty Prosecution published by American Prosecution Research Institute found that, The Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Colony established â€Å"The Body of Liberties† found by the Animal Cruelty Prosecution, in 1641. The Body of Liberties was a document written for the protection of animals from unnecessary pain and suffering. Animal crueltyRead MoreAnimal Cruelty Should Not Be A Big Deal1415 Words   |  6 PagesAnimal Cruelty Almesha Jones (Mesha) Introduction and Background All around the world, people are abusing animals. Animal cruelty is a big deal because some people do not look at animals as being important; some people do not see a problem with hurting them. Animal cruelty can be define as being a malicious treatment that can cause undue pain or being mistreated. Seeing an animal get brutalize by some humans seems to be cruel. Getting kicked in the ribs, left for starvation and even used for entertainmentRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Novel, Animal Farm881 Words   |  4 Pagesnovel, Animal Farm: 1945. Persuasive proses will be discussed with the use of linguistic features such as lexical cohesion, metaphor, hyperbole, mood, pronouns, quoted speech, polarity and tense. This will be based on the persuasion and the creation of an alliance, focussing on the freedom and concern of similar parties. The entire extract has made use of quoted speech using scare quotes, drawing attention to the speaker’s ideas and message of freedom and a possible rebellion. The quoted speech is directedRead MoreUse of Logos, Ethos, and Pathos for Rhetorical Appeal in Advertising1020 Words   |  4 Pagesproducts. Unlike speech in which an individual relies on their persona and content of speech to get their point across to an audience or consumer, advertisements use images to enhance the impact and appeal of logos, ethos, and pathos. One of the most influential advertisements that is frequently shown on television that use these three appeals is the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) commercials that urge viewers to help the organizations by adopting an animal in need, by

Embryonic Stem Cells - 615 Words

Christopher Reeve, better known as superman, was not only an actor, but also an athlete and an adventurer. On two separate occasions, he flew an airplane sole across the Atlantic Ocean. On Memorial Day weekend in 1995, Chris rode his horse, Buck, to the starting box of a cross-country race in Virginia. Chris had trained and raced horses for almost ten years, so he felt the course ahead of him would be easy. But what Chris did not see coming was just as he and Buck approached the third jump, Buck would come to a sudden stop, sending Chris over the jump. He landed directing on his head, fracturing two vertebrae in his neck. From that day on, he was completely paralyzed. At the time, there was no known treatment, no medication, and no surgery to fix his damaged spine. For the rest of his days, Chris raised money and awareness for research into spinal cord injuries. One of the topics he pushed for was embryonic stem cell research. Christopher Reeve died on October 10th, 2004, never fulfi lling his goal to walk again. But if he had gotten the support and funding for stem cell research, his story might have ended differently. Embryonic stem cell research should be funded in the U.S because it could lead to the treatment to many diseases, there are other sources of stem cells, but they are limited to their use, and the eight-celled blastocysts cannot grow any further to form a baby, so it is not harming living human beings. Embryonic stem cells are unspecialized cells with theShow MoreRelatedEmbryonic Stem Cells Or No?1006 Words   |  5 PagesEmbryonic Stem Cells or No? Did you know that since 1981, researchers have been removing embryonic stem cells from thousands of embryos to create cells that could potentially save people from diseases? How many patients do you think this has helped since then? Hundreds? Thousands? Wrong. In fact, not one â€Å"cure† has been found to help people with Parkinson’s, cancer, heart disease and so many more rare diseases that it is said to be able to help. Embryonic stem cell research has been an issue inRead MoreThe Human Embryonic Stem Cells910 Words   |  4 Pagesof human embryonic stem cells, scientists have had high hopes for their use in treating a wider variety of diseases because they are â€Å"pluripotent,† which means they are capable of differentiating into one of many cell types in the body. However, the acquisition of human embryonic stem cells from an embryo can cause the destruction of the embryo, thus raising ethical concerns. In 2006, researchers introduced an alternative to harvesting embryonic stem cells called induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cellsRead MoreEmbryonic Of Stem Cell Research Essay1576 Words   |  7 PagesEmbryonic Stem Cell Research Francois Rabelais, the famous Renaissance humanist, once said, â€Å"Science without conscience is the death of the soul† (Rabelais, Francois). Since the late 1960’s, this has been the stance for opponents of embryonic stem cell research. This is saying, if we are willing to take a fertilized embryo and kill it before it has even had time to develop, where is our conscience, our heart? We consider this form of stem cell research to be immoral and unethical. ScientistsRead MoreHuman Embryonic Stem Cells1916 Words   |  8 PagesThe human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have defined by Bryant and Schwartz (2008) is in the mammalian embryo, there are several cell divisions that take place after the fertilization of the sperm and the egg in the uterus. There is no growth in the total volume of the cell, so the cells that are known as blastomeres get progressively smaller. Then, they are rearranging into a hollow ball known as blastocyst and surround the blastocoe l which is a fluid-filled cavity. The blastocyts and then segregateRead MoreEmbryonic Of Stem Cell Research942 Words   |  4 PagesEmbryonic Stem Cell is when you have to destroy the egg inside, thus rendering that egg to become a human. The Stem Cell is put into a petri dish where it will be cultured and feed nutrients (Bethesda). The Stem Cell is almost like a blank code, It can replenish a part of the body that is hurt or has a disease (Bigloo). Stem cells can be programed any where in the body to fix the issue. When the stem cell divides it will keep producing till the part of the body is back to normal (Bethesda). StemRead MoreThe Ethics Of Embryonic Stem Cells1201 Words   |  5 Pages Problem The society is not at an agreeable point when it comes to the research of stem cells obtained from human embryos. The disagreement narrows down to a clash between the two fundamental principles of ethics: The duty to prevent and alleviate suffering, and the duty to respect the value of human life. In most situations, both principles can be satisfied. However, in the research of embryonic stem cells, it might not be inherently possible. Generally, the clash between the two principles isRead MoreThe Debate Of Embryonic Stem Cells960 Words   |  4 PagesEmbryonic stem cells have the ability to grow into any type of cell that your body contains and can potentially aid in curing diseases and or repair many essential things in your body such as a kidney or a lung. This sounds like an extremely favorable advantage to medical advancements but this subject does summon some intense debates on where the stem cells come from. Embryonic meaning that it comes from the embryo veers many people’s opinion to totally protest any use of embryonic stem cells. OpposingRead MoreThe Debate Of Embryonic Stem Cell Research1292 Words   |  6 PagesEmbryonic stem cells research is the most debated type of stem cell research. The moral standings of embryonic stem cell research have been debated since the research started. The side against the research claims that it is wrong to value one’s life above another and that the e limination of the most basic form of life is murder. While the side supporting the research claims that the research could bring about the cure for many types of diseases and help save the lives of millions. Embryonic stemRead MoreThe Debate Of Embryonic Stem Cell Research1460 Words   |  6 Pages I believe that embryonic stem cell research should be allowed in the United States. From previous encounters with the topic I have learned that the many benefits that can come from stem cell research are without a doubt astounding and unimaginable. There are simply endless possibilities that can arise if the research was allowed to be conducted. From giving back vision to rebuilding tissue, any advance in stem cell research would be beneficial to the medical world. With the help that the advancesRead MoreThe Embryonic Stem Cell Conflict Essay1271 Words   |  6 Pagescriticisms directed towards the advent of stem cell research have centered on the source of the most scientifically usef ul types of stem cells—pre-implantation human embryos. Unfortunately, harvesting embryonic stem cells typically results in the destruction of the embryo from which they are harvested, which gives rise to a moral dilemma: is it ethically acceptable to destroy an embryo’s potential to life? Those who are against human embryonic stem cell research will answer you with an emphatic â€Å"no†;

Economic Performance United Kingdom

Question: Discuss about the case study Economic Performance for United Kingdom. Answer: Introduction The United Kingdom is a developed economy which is selected for this report. In 2014, UKs GDP had 4.82 % share in the world GDP with 2988.89 USD billion (Trading Economics, 2015). The most significant aspect in this context is that there is excellent environment for doing business in the UK and London is center of the business activities. Service industry plays a significant role in the UK economy contributing to the 78% of overall GDP, which includes banking services, software services, and health care services. UK has good business environment as it has well defined business law, good control on corruption, efficient regulatory bodies. Government policies are favorable for doing business effectively. The country has recorded 2.8 GDP growth rate in the year 2014 that was highest among the G8 economics (Trading Economics, 2016). Analysis of Production Output Performance The term real growth domestic product is a measurement of the total value of the economic output. It reflects the value of total good and service that is produced by a county over a period of time (Giudice, et al., 2012). The below table show the real DGP growth rate of the UK: Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 GDP in % 2.8 3.0 3.1 -0.3 -4.3 1.19 1.6 0.7 1.7 2.85 [Source: Trading Economics, 2015] [Source: BBC News, 2015] From the above table and graph, it is analyzed that UKs real GDP growth rate remained in fluctuation in the last decade. In the starting of the decade, GDP was growing well but in 2008 due to world crisis or recession, it was affected badly and turned towards negative zone. In the same manner, the real GDP per capita refers to measurement of GDP according to average per person in the country (Gilmartin, et al. 2013). The below graph depicts the GDP per capita for United Kingdom for 2006 to 2014. [Source: Trading Economics, 2016] GDP growth rate plays a significant role in measuring the economic performance of a country. GDP shows the value of all the final goods and services produced during the over a period of time. In the UK economic, there is a important role of real GDP growth in country economic performance. The result of the GDP growth is seen in the percentage change that also shows how to increase and decrease a country economy (Martin et al., 2016). It also represents the summary of the various governments policies and projects with including surplus and deficit of the government. Generally, when a country performs better that time its growth rate in the graph go to up and in the opposite of this, in the situation of bad perform its growth rate in the graph shift to down. Along with this, the income of the person is also important in the measuring the economic performance. GDP per capita depicts the relationship between the life standard and extend of economic development in the country (Gilpin, 201 6). The trend rate of the economy refers to the average sustainable performance of the economy over a period of time. The sustainable performance involves all the significant factors such as inflation rate, per person capita, unemployment rate, interest rate, industrial policy and fiscal policy and GDP growth rate of the country. In the last decade, UK GDP was sustainable at great extent, but due to the 2008 economic crisis, it was affected and shifted to down. Further this, in the year 2010, it has coughed the speed again. During this, the average GDP growth rate of UK was remained approximately 2% (BBC News, 2015). The UK economy growth was less compared to other developed countries due to the demand of the goods declined continuously. Along with this, the slow growth rate real estate industry has also some impact on this (Ayres and Voudouris, 2014). In the last decade 2005 to 2014, the United Kingdom did not have good production output performance. In order to achieve high performance, UK government has taken significant actions for achieving determined targets. The government policies supported for business activities in the country and provided possible help to the new businesses. The government has increased provision amount for research and development activities to improve the technology in the industries (Martin et al., 2016). Finance ministry has also taken effective actions through reducing interest and taxation rates. Share Option Scheme is being implemented for creating a good relationship between companies and their employees (Gilpin, 2016). The UK government is also considering the free economic working environment and providing flexibility to new start up. Labor Market Analysis Unemployment Trends: On the basis of unemployment rates, the unemployment trends of UK are as follow: (Source: Statista, 2016) From the above graph, it can be said that in the UK, the unemployment rate has increased from the year 2008 to 2012. In the year 2005, the unemployment rate was 4.8%, which also was the lowest in recent years. It is because, in these years, the companies provide employment for the local people, which was one of the main reasons of the low unemployment rate in the year. But, at the same time, unemployment trend line increased more in 2011 by 8.1% due to the period of recession and lower productivity by the companies. On the other hand, in the year 2012, the jobless people were 2.52 million, which were also maintained the higher unemployment rate in the UK in the year 2012 (Statista, 2016). But, due to intervention of government and jobs provided by the governmental bodies, there is a fall in the unemployment rates in the year 2013-14, which is a good sign of economic development. Unemployment and Its Types In general, unemployment is a situation in which an individual is able to work and also willing work but, is not getting the work. According to Banerji, Saksonovs and Lin (2014), in the country, the unemployment refers to the unemployment rate that is defined as the number of unemployed as a ratio to the labor force. So, it can be said that unemployment is a situation where the persons, who are able and willing to work may not find jobs or activities in the mean of living. There are different types of unemployment in the country such as frictional unemployment, structural unemployment, technological unemployment, real wage unemployment, voluntary and involuntary unemployment, and cyclical unemployment, etc., which are faced by the governments in their countries (Flemming, 2013). In this, the frictional unemployment is an unemployment that is due to the normal turnover in the labor market. This unemployment is occurred because people, who are between two jobs or changing their jobs from one to another. On the other hand, structural unemployment refers to the unemployment in which the workers lost their jobs due to displace by automation and their skills are no longer productive or in demand. This unemployment situation is also come due to change in the economic situation. At the same time, the cyclical unemployment occurs due to decline in economys total production at the time of recession (Davidson and Matusz, 2010). On the other hand, technological unemployment has occurred when new technology replaces workers with machines. Unemployment Type in UK In the UK economy, the main unemployment type is related to the structural unemployment. It is because due to political instability, the government was enabled to develop better polices for the people as well as companies in order to maintain the effective equilibrium among the demand and supply of labor. It is also analyzed that in last decade, the government of UK also failed to calculate to ensure that the number of people willing to do jobs at the market wage (Rashid and Antonioni, 2015). Along with this, the government also failed to ensure that what number of people the firm wants to higher at the market price or wage. It also increased the unemployment rate in the country by 8.1 percent in the year 2011 (Mclaughlin, 2013). On the other hand, cyclical unemployment is also unemployment type in the UK. It is found that during the recession period of 2008-10, the unemployment level rose to 2.4 million, which also increases the unemployment rate in the country (BBC News, 2016). Measures to Achieve Employment The UK government adopted various measures to achieve full employment. In this, the government implemented Conservatives National Living Wage (NLW), which rebranded the minimum wage, which forces the companies to hire people for the vacant posts. Along with this, to achieve the full employment, the government also using public funds to create jobs, cutting the taxes on jobs and also reforming welfare. These measures help the UK government to achieve the full employment within the country (Cancian, 2016). It is because these measures or ways force the companies to recruit people within the country and contribute in the success of countrys economy in the world. Price Level Analysis Inflation Trends On the basis of inflation rate, the trends in inflation in UK country are as follow: (Source: Inflation.eu, 2016) The above graph of inflation in UK depicts that during the year 2005 to 2014, 1.5% is one of the lowest inflation rate for the decade. In the early, in the year 2005, the inflation trends in the UK has remain low but, after this, due to more spend on the goods and services by the local people, the inflation rate has increased by 3.6 percent in the year 2008. It also positively impacted on the GDP rate of the country and provided the benefits to the country. It is also analyzed that due to large flow of money in the economy, the UK achieved 4.5% of inflation, which also resulted in the currency devaluation (Geithner, 2011). But, after this, the government adopted various measures to control on the inflation rate in the country, which resulted in the reduction of inflationary rate in the country as in the year 2014; the inflation rate has decreased by 1.5%. Inflation and Its Causes In general, the inflation refers to the rise in the price of goods and services. In the situation of inflation, there are too many buyers and too few goods. In this, the scarcity of goods and the presence of many buyers, the price are increased. At the same time, there are many causes of inflation such as less production, artificial scarcity, taxation policies of the government, shortage of food grains, industrial disputes, technical changes, natural calamities, and productive setups, etc. These causes negatively increase the price of products and services as well as fall in the production that give rise to inflation in the country (Siegel, 2014). Causes of Inflation in UK From the analysis of economic situation of UK, it is found that there are various causes of inflation in the country. In this, the lack of control on the money supply is one of the causes that increase the inflation rate in the country. It is because due to lack of money control, banks are enabled to increase their borrowings, which increases the price of products and cause a rise in inflation rate in the country. Along with this, fall in the oil price was one of the main reasons of low inflation in the UK (Belke and Polleit, 2011). In recent years, the fall in the oil price decreased the price of products and services that maintain the low inflation rate in the country. Measures to Achieve Stable Price In order to stable the price, the UK government has adopted different measures such as adoption of monetary, fiscal and open market policies. In this, the use of monetary policy helps the government to increase the interest rate, which helped the firm to decrease the spending power of the people to stable the price of goods and services. At the same time, the use of fiscal policy helped the government to increase the rate of tax on goods and services, which helped in cutting the spending power of people in concern to stable the goods and services prices (Comley, 2015). At the same time, open market activities such as selling bonds and securities helped the government to reduce the flow of money in the economy, which also helped in achieving stable price of goods and services. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that in recent years, the UK has the strong economic conditions that supported the government to attract the investors and companies. The country has low inflation and low unemployment rate, which helped the UK to improve the economic conditions after the period of recession. References Ayres, R. and Voudouris, V. (2014). The economic growth enigma: Capital, labour and useful energy?. Energy Policy, 64.16-28. Banerji, A., Saksonovs, S. and Lin, H. H. (2014). Youth Unemployment in Advanced Economies in Europe: Searching for Solutions. USA: International Monetary Fund. BBC News (2015). Business. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34646496 BBC News (2016). UK unemployment still at ten-year low, falling by 60,000. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/business-35594650. Belke, A. and Polleit, T. (2011). Monetary Economics in Globalised Financial Markets. USA: Springer Science Business Media. Cancian, D. (2016). 71% of British businesses say UK government will not achieve full employment in 5 years. Retrieved from https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/71-british-businesses-say-uk-government-will-not-achieve-full-employment-5-years-1543038. Comley, P. (2015). Inflation Matters: Inflationary Wave Theory, its impact on inflation past and present ... and the deflation yet to come. UK: Pete Comley. Davidson, C. and Matusz, S. J. (2010). International Trade with Equilibrium Unemployment. UK: Princeton University Press. Flemming, L. E. (2013). Reading Keys. USA: Cengage Learning. Geithner, T. F. (2011). International Economic and Exchange Rate Policies: Congressional Report. USA: DIANE Publishing. Gilmartin, M., Learmouth, D., Swales, J.K., McGregor, P. and Turner, K., (2013). Regional policy spillovers: The national impact of demand-side policy in an interregional model of the UK economy. Environment and Planning A, 45(4), 814-834. Gilpin, R., (2016). The political economy of international relations. UK: Princeton University Press. Giudice, G., Knzel, R. and Springbett, T. eds. (2012). UK Economy: The Crisis in Perspective. UK: Routledge. Inflation.eu (2016). Historic inflation Great Britain - CPI inflation. Retrieved from https://www.inflation.eu/inflation-rates/great-britain/historic-inflation/cpi-inflation-great-britain.aspx. Martin, R., Pike, A., Tyler, P. and Gardiner, B. (2016). Spatially Rebalancing the UK Economy: Towards a New Policy Model?. Regional Studies, 50(2), 342-357. Mclaughlin, E. (2013). Understanding Unemployment: New Perspectives on Active Labour Market Policies. UK: Routledge. Rashid, M. and Antonioni, P. (2015). Macroeconomics For Dummies-UK. USA: John Wiley Sons. Siegel, B. N. (2014). Money, Banking, and the Economy: A Monetarist View. USA: Academic Press. statista (2016). Unemployment rate in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2000 to 2015. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/279898/unemployment-rate-in-the-united-kingdom-uk/. Trading Economics. (2015). Retrieved from: https://www.ifs.org.uk/comms/comm73.pdf Trading Economics. (2016). Retrieved from: https://www.tradingeconomics.com/united-kingdom/gdp-growth

The Catcher In The Rye Essay Sacrifice Example For Students

The Catcher In The Rye Essay Sacrifice The Catcher in The Rye Many people find that their dreams are unreachable. Holden Caulfield realizes this in J.D. Salingers The Catcher in the Rye. As Holden tells his story, he recounts the events since leaving the Pencey School to his psychiatrist. At first, Holden sounds like a typical, misguided teenager, rebellious towards his parents, angry with his teachers, and flunking out of school. However, as his story progresses, it becomes clear that Holden is indeed motivated, just not academically. He has a purpose: to protect the young and innocent minds of young children from the horrors of adult society. He hopes to freeze the children in time, as wax figures are frozen in a museum. After interacting with Phoebe, his younger sister, Holden realizes that this goal is quite unachievable. Holden wants to be the Catcher in the Rye, then realizes it is an unreachable ideal. We will write a custom essay on The Catcher In The Rye Sacrifice specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Holden begins his story misguided and without direction. After flunking out of the Pencey School, Holden decides to leave early. Before he leaves, though, he visits his teacher, Mr. Spencer. Mr. Spencer and Holden talk about his direction in life: Do you feel absolutely no concern for your future, boy? Oh, I feel some concern for my future, all right. Sure. Sure, I do. I thought about it for a minute. But not too much, I guess, (14). After leaving Pencey, he checks into a hotel where he invites a prostitute up to his room. He gets cold feet and decides not to have intercourse with her, though. Later, Holden decides to take his old girlfriend, Sally Hayes, to the theater. After taking her to the theater, Holden formulates a crazy plan which entails running away with Sally, getting married, and growing old together. Sally thinks that he is crazy, and she decides to go home. During his stay away from home, Holden drinks and smokes, showing even more misdirection. However, when Holden returns home and talks to his sister, Phoebe, his direction becomes clear. Holden wants to be the Catcher in the Rye to protect children from the world in which he is forced to live. While talking with Phoebe, she asks Holden what he would like to be. He responds saying: Anyway, I keep picturing all these little kids playing some game in this big field of rye and all. Thousands of little kids, and nobodys aroundnobody big, I meanexcept me. And Im standing on the edge of some crazy cliff. What I have to do, I have to catch everybody if they start to go over the cliffI mean if theyre running and they dont look where theyre going I have to come out from somewhere and catch them. Thats all Id do all day. Id just be the catcher in the rye and all. (173) Holden wants to protect the innocence of his sister and every other innocent child in the world. Before Holden meets Sally for their date, he stops in front of the Museum of Natural History and begins to reminisce. He thinks about the way he visited the museum when he was younger. He also tells that every time one visits the museum, he is changed in some way, but the figures in the exhibits always stay the same. He wants to be able to preserve some things in the glass: Certain things they should stay the way they are. You ought to be able to stick them in one of those big glass cases and just leave them alone, (122). Holden wants the innocence of children to be frozen behind that glass. .u10e5c6f5dffda4729d5991ec5482349a , .u10e5c6f5dffda4729d5991ec5482349a .postImageUrl , .u10e5c6f5dffda4729d5991ec5482349a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u10e5c6f5dffda4729d5991ec5482349a , .u10e5c6f5dffda4729d5991ec5482349a:hover , .u10e5c6f5dffda4729d5991ec5482349a:visited , .u10e5c6f5dffda4729d5991ec5482349a:active { border:0!important; } .u10e5c6f5dffda4729d5991ec5482349a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u10e5c6f5dffda4729d5991ec5482349a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u10e5c6f5dffda4729d5991ec5482349a:active , .u10e5c6f5dffda4729d5991ec5482349a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u10e5c6f5dffda4729d5991ec5482349a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u10e5c6f5dffda4729d5991ec5482349a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u10e5c6f5dffda4729d5991ec5482349a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u10e5c6f5dffda4729d5991ec5482349a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u10e5c6f5dffda4729d5991ec5482349a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u10e5c6f5dffda4729d5991ec5482349a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u10e5c6f5dffda4729d5991ec5482349a .u10e5c6f5dffda4729d5991ec5482349a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u10e5c6f5dffda4729d5991ec5482349a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Story of My Llife Essay When he visits Phoebes school to give her a note, Holden notices two instances of graffiti on the walls. He succeeds in rubbing one of them off cannot rub off the other. It depresses Holden to think that someday this kind of graffiti will spoil his sister Phoebe and all of her companions. Up to this point, keeping young children from his plight is Holdens sole motive. He soon realizes that this is impossible. Holden sees that becoming the Catcher in the Rye is an unattainable ideal. When he meets Phoebe during her lunch break at school, he has made up his mind to leave and hitchhike out west. Phoebe knows this and asks if she can come along. This overwhelms Holden, and he decides not to leave. Instead, he decides to take her to the zoo and to the carousel. Phoebe gets on the carousel and finds her favorite horse. When the carousel starts Holden notices Phoebe trying to grab for the golden ring. He knows this is dangerous but must let Phoebe do it: All the kids kept trying to grab for the gold ring, and so was old Phoebe, and I was sort of afraid shed fall off the goddam horse, but I didnt say anything or do anything. The thing with kids is, if they want to grab for the gold ring, you have to let them do it, and not say anything. If they fall off, they fall off, but its bad if you say anything to them, (211). He understands that sometimes children must learn things the hard way. As he sees Phoebe riding the carousel he begins to cry. He sees perfection in that moment, and he knows that she will soon change as the world influences her. Holden finally realizes that he will not be able to protect his sister or anyone from falling into the adult world. Holden transforms from a dreamy idealist into a down-to-earth existentialist. When he understands that his dream is far from possible, he has to start over. Throughout his story he talks about people being phonies, which suggests that he has some ideal to which he compares people. He tells his psychiatrist that he does not know what will happen in the future: A lot of people, especially this one psychoanalyst guy they have here, keeps asking me if Im going to apply myself when I go back to school next September. Its such a stupid question, in my opinion. I mean how do you know what youre going to do till you do it? (213). Holden now knows that he must live life by the moment and not with quixotic ideals.

Free Essays on George W. Bush

George Walker Bush George W. Bush was born on July 6, 1964, in New Haven, Conecticut. He was the first child of George H. W. Bush and Barbara P. Bush. His grandfather, Prescott Bush, and his father were both congreesmen. At the age of two, Bush moved with his parents from Connecticut to Odessa, Texas. After a year the family relocated to California. Ayear later , the family moved back to Texas. Bush lived in Texas from 1950 to 1959. In 1959, they moved to Houston, Texas. In 1961 Bush left Teaxas and went to Andover, Massachusetts, to attend Philips Academy. At Philips Bush got involved in sports. He enrolled at Yale University in Connecticut in 1964. During that same year Bush campaigned for his father in his unsuccessful run to win a U.S. Senate seat from Texas. At Yale Bush was an average student, but was very popular with his classmates. Bush usually didn’t get involved in campus politics, because he felt uneasy with the growth of the student protest movement. He campaigned for his father, in 1968, when he was running for reelection in the House of Representatives. Bush graduated from Yale with a bachelor degree in history in 1968. When he completed college he became eligible for the draft. To fulfill his duty, he enlisted in the Texas National Guard. He did his basic training at Lack land Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas, and entered a pilot-training program at Moody Air Force Base in Valdosta, Georgis. He remained in the Air National Guard until 1973. During the 1970's, Bush worked on U.S. Senate campaigns for Republican candidates in Florida and Alabama. He also worked for a Houston-based firm that specialized in large-scale agriculture operations. In 1973 he was admitted to Harvard Business School in Massachusetts. Bush returned to Midland, Texas, after earning his M.B.A. from Harvard in 1975. In 1977 Bush announced he was running for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives. After he stated his candidacy... Free Essays on George W. Bush Free Essays on George W. Bush George Walker Bush George W. Bush was born on July 6, 1964, in New Haven, Conecticut. He was the first child of George H. W. Bush and Barbara P. Bush. His grandfather, Prescott Bush, and his father were both congreesmen. At the age of two, Bush moved with his parents from Connecticut to Odessa, Texas. After a year the family relocated to California. Ayear later , the family moved back to Texas. Bush lived in Texas from 1950 to 1959. In 1959, they moved to Houston, Texas. In 1961 Bush left Teaxas and went to Andover, Massachusetts, to attend Philips Academy. At Philips Bush got involved in sports. He enrolled at Yale University in Connecticut in 1964. During that same year Bush campaigned for his father in his unsuccessful run to win a U.S. Senate seat from Texas. At Yale Bush was an average student, but was very popular with his classmates. Bush usually didn’t get involved in campus politics, because he felt uneasy with the growth of the student protest movement. He campaigned for his father, in 1968, when he was running for reelection in the House of Representatives. Bush graduated from Yale with a bachelor degree in history in 1968. When he completed college he became eligible for the draft. To fulfill his duty, he enlisted in the Texas National Guard. He did his basic training at Lack land Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas, and entered a pilot-training program at Moody Air Force Base in Valdosta, Georgis. He remained in the Air National Guard until 1973. During the 1970's, Bush worked on U.S. Senate campaigns for Republican candidates in Florida and Alabama. He also worked for a Houston-based firm that specialized in large-scale agriculture operations. In 1973 he was admitted to Harvard Business School in Massachusetts. Bush returned to Midland, Texas, after earning his M.B.A. from Harvard in 1975. In 1977 Bush announced he was running for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives. After he stated his candidacy...

20 Most Famous Quotes From the Roman Poet Ovid

20 Most Famous Quotes From the Roman Poet Ovid Ovid, born Publius Ovidius Naso, was a Roman poet best known for his epic work, Metamorphoses, his love poems, and his mysterious banishment from Rome.   Metamorphoses is a narrative poem comprised of 15 books and stands as one of the most important works of classical mythology. It recounts the history of the world from the creation of the universe up until the life of Julius Caesar by telling over 250 myths.   Born to a well-to-do family in 43 BCE, Ovid pursued poetry despite his father’s hopes that he would delve into law and politics. The young man made a wise choice. His first book, Amores (The Loves), a collection of erotic poems, proved an instant success. He followed that with two more impressive collections of erotic poetry,  Heriodes  (The Heroines), Ars Amatoria (The Art of Love), and a number of other works.   Sometime around 8 CE, Ovid was exiled from Rome by Emperor Augustus and his books were ordered removed from Roman libraries. Historians are not certain what the writer did to offend the rules, but Ovid, in a poem called Epistulae ex Ponto, claimed  that â€Å"a poem and a mistake† were his undoing. He was sent to the Black Sea city of Tomis in what is now Romania. He died there in 17 CE. Whatever his crimes, his work endures and he ranks among the most important and influential poets of his time. Here are 20 of his most famous quotes on love, life, and more. Keeping an Optimistic Outlook Be patient and tough; someday this pain will be useful to you. /  Dolor hic  tibi  proderit  olim There are a thousand forms of evil; there will be a thousand remedies. On Bravery The gods favor the bold. Courage conquers all things; it even gives strength to the body. On Work Ethic   He who is not prepared today will be less so tomorrow. /  Qui  non  est  hodie  cras  minus  aptus  erit Either do not attempt at all or go through with it. A burden which is done well becomes light. /  Leve fit, quod bene  fertur,  onus   Take rest; a field that has rested gives a bountiful crop. The workmanship surpassed the subject matter. /  Materiam  superabat  opus   Dripping hollows out a rock. /  Gutta  cavat  lapidem   On Love To be loved, be lovable. Every lover is a soldier and has his camp in Cupid. /  Militat  omnis  amans  et  habet  sua  castra Cupido Wine gives courage and makes men more apt for passion. Everyone is a millionaire where promises are concerned. General Words of Wisdom It is art to conceal art. /  Ars est  celare  artem Often the prickly thorn produces tender roses. /  Saepe  creat  molles  aspera  spina  rosas We are slow to believe that which if believed would hurt our feelings. Habits change into character. In our play we reveal what kind of people we are. He who has lived in obscurity has lived well. /  Bene  qui  latuit  bene  vixit

Privacy is not the most important right Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Privacy is not the most important right - Essay Example There was very limited control in the society. However, modern institutions have developed controls that have raised very various privacy concerns. Privacy has become a matter of concern to many thinkers, law makers, human rights activists and other essential policy makers. Despite the significance of the right to privacy and the existing laws supporting it, government agencies, security departments and legislative authorities across the globe have engaged in laws and acts that violate the right to privacy as a basic principle that define human dignity. The guiding principle for security agencies in Britain is that security interests and ensuring stable human security is supersedes the basic right to privacy. The United Kingdom has overemphasized the protection of human security at the expense of the constitutional right to privacy. The installation of public surveillance cameras in major cities and towns in Britain is an example of a major violation of the fundamental right to privacy in the country. As a matter of fact, every individual has something to hide from the public, a fact that may be infringed by the installation of surveillance cameras. It is a universally acknowledged that people should not be allowed to hide under the guise of the right privacy to commit crimes and cause harm to law abiding members of the society. Proponents of this point of view hold that privacy is not one of the most fundamental human rights. Most scholars will concur with my position that, privacy defines comprehensively the right to be left alone and refrain from sharing an individual’s private information with other people. Some of the common issues that are catered for by privacy rights include: individual truths, private matters and issues, individual information as well as ones secrecy. The right to privacy is commonly popular and profound to free people. It offers a significant amount of

China Change after the Death of Mao Zedong Essay

China Change after the Death of Mao Zedong - Essay Example They failed to such an extent that many of the people in China died because of the conflicts caused by these two approaches. However the communist approach adopted by Mao was for the betterment of the Chinese people it failed to provide them with adequate reforms. Mao Zedong is still regarded to be a strong communist leader in the history of China.1 After the death of Mao Zedong different fights broke out in China to achieve the premiership. However in the end Deng Xiao-ping succeeded in the fights for premiership and took over the office. His reforms were a bit different from Mao Zedong and were successful enough. However the approach adopted by Deng Xiao-ping can be said to be different than that of Mao Zedong in terms of capitalism. This essay would further analyze the state of China after the death of Mao Zedong, the reforms introduced in China after his death and the survival of communism after Mao Zedong.2 In the era of Mao Zedong the approach adopted by him was of a communist perspective. He wanted the wealth to be divided equally amongst the people of China; however the strategies adopted by him were not successful as expected by him.3 The strategy of Great Leap Forward implemented by Mao Zedong was of an unrealistic nature if viewed closely. It wanted the state of China to prosper in a very short time which was quite impossible as it was already going through an economic depression.4 Mao Zedong through this strategy

Bone Cancer Essay Example for Free

Bone Cancer Essay Bone cancer is a disease that occurs on or inside a bone. Usually, bone cancer involves a tumor filled with abnormal cells that will occasionally appear on the exterior of the bone. Similar to other types of cancer, bone cancer can be life threatening. Doctors are not completely sure what causes cancer, but they continue the search to find an answer. There are five different types of bone cancer that can affect people from ages 10-60 years old. Bone cancer can occur in any bone in the body from the legs to the head. Unfortunately, symptoms of bone cancer are not always obvious. Most of the time, pain is the most apparent symptom. When recognizing symptoms at an early stage, doctors can complete testing and supply treatment to the patient. Treatment for bone cancer usually begins with surgery followed by chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Because of the need to kill all of the abnormal cells that are growing on or inside the bone, treatment for bone cancer can be very powerful. In most cases, treatment is very successful. Before starting cancer treatment, many patients rely on statistics for a survival rate, but statistics are simply averages. Each patient has a different circumstance with his/her disease. There are 206 bones in the human body. Each bone serves several purposes. The bones of the body act as the structure that helps to support and protect many internal organs. The bones also serve as a muscle attachment that connects to the muscle to help during movement. But, most importantly, the bones of the body produce and store cells in the bone marrow. Cells make up the body tissue. However, some cells can become abnormal. Given that healthy cells make up body tissue, unhealthy cells grow and destroy body tissue and can often spread to other parts of the body. This abnormal growth of cells is called cancer. There are more than 100 types of cancer known to man, and 5 out of 100 are bone cancer. The most common type of bone cancer is Osteosarcoma, which commonly affects people from ages 10-25 years old. Osteosarcoma develops in new tissue usually in the arms, legs, or around the knee joint. Chondrosarcoma is another type of bone cancer. It usually develops in the cartilage of the pelvis, upper part of legs and arms, and the shoulder. Chondrosarcoma affects people from ages 50-60 years old. Ewing’s Sarcoma is a bone cancer that is known to begin in immature nerve tissue in the bone marrow. It attacks the pelvis, femur, and tibia. Ewing’s Sarcoma usually affects people from 10-20 years old. The last two types of bone cancer are Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma and Fibrosarcoma. Both of these types of bone cancer are very rare and usually develop in the arms and legs or around the knee joint. Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma and Fibrosarcoma are known to affect middle aged people. Bone cancer can sometimes be hard to detect. Symptoms of bone cancer can develop very slowly if at all. Often, one will develop swelling or tenderness in the affected area. Sometimes, a slightly visible lump may be felt through the skin. Bone cancer can also interfere with body movements like walking or hiking. Broken bones can also result from bone cancer. In one case, a victim of bone cancer recently started seeing symptoms of bone cancer. She developed a strong pain in her knee joint that enabled her to walk. The victim experienced a large amount of swelling around the joint. When she consulted a physician, the patient found that she had a fracture and a cancerous tumor in her knee. Even though the above symptoms can also lead to other injuries or diseases besides bone cancer, it is strongly recommended that one should consult a physician if in doubt. When diagnosing bone cancer, a doctor must first complete some tests. According to a summary of tests and procedures by Medicine Net on line, a doctor will first ask about a patient’s personal and family medical history in order to find out if there is any history of cancer in the family. Next, the doctor will order blood tests and x-rays. The exact size, shape, and location of a bone tumor can be seen through an x-ray. Then, a CAT scan (Computed Axial Tomography) will be completed to show whether the cancer has begun to spread to other parts of the body. A CAT scan will give detailed pictures of the cross section of the body. There are also similar tests like an MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) and an Angiogram (x-ray of the arteries), but a biopsy is the ultimate test that will make sure that cancer is present in the body. After the victim was told that she had bone cancer, she experienced a biopsy in Seattle, Washington. The Medicine Net on line explained that during a biopsy, doctors test a sample of the bone tumor and determine through a microscope whether or not the tumor is cancerous. The many different tests of bone cancer are very critical to the outcome of the disease. The tests are used for staging the bone cancer. For example, if a patient of bone cancer had a CAT scan, and it showed that the bone cancer was not spreading, the doctors could stage the patient’s cancer as controlled. There are three types of treatment for bone cancer: surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. The treatment preference depends upon the type, location, size, and extent of tumor along with a patient’s needs. Sometimes, a combination of the three treatments is used on a patient. Because cancer can recur in the original affected area, surgeons often remove the tumor, tissue, and some healthy bone surrounding the tumor. In some cases, especially in children, a metal device will be implanted in place of the bone that was removed by a surgeon. This metal device functions to save a limb and lengthen as the child grows. Another type of treatment is chemotherapy. The National Cancer Institute, which covers both chemotherapy and radiotherapy, states that chemotherapy uses several drugs such as Cyclophosphamide, Vinblastine, and vincristine to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy is a very intense treatment that can be given by mouth or by injection into a muscle or blood vessel. Chemotherapy is so powerful that there has to be a treatment period followed by a recovery period, which is usually when one has fully recovered from the intense drugs used in chemotherapy. Recovery periods can vary with each person. The last treatment for bone cancer is radiotherapy. This type of treatment uses high-energy rays to damage cancer cells and stop them from growing. Radiotherapy can sometimes be used in place of surgery to remove the bone cancer. Another use for radiotherapy is to kill cancer cells remaining in the affected area after treatment. All treatments for bone cancer are very strong. The treatments are so strong that they kill not only cancer cells but also some healthy cells. The five bone cancers are a very small proportion of the 100 or more cancers known to man. However, the National Cancer Institute is developing and sponsoring clinical trials on bone cancer patients in many hospitals and cancer centers. The National Cancer Institute is trying to find new effective treatments and methods for bone cancer. The future for bone cancer patients is very promising. Doctors and scientists are hoping to discover the cure for cancer in the next ten years.

Total Health :: essays research papers fc

Nutrition is the science that deals with food and how the body uses it. All living things need food to live. The food supplies energy, which people need to perform certain actions. Food also provides substances that the body needs to build and repair its tissues and to regulate its organs and organ systems. Food provides certain chemical substances needed in order for a person to maintain good health. These chemical substances are called nutrients. Nutrients can perform three important functions. They provide materials for building, repairing, or maintaining body tissues. They help regulate body processes. They serve as fuel to provide energy. The body needs energy to maintain all its functions. People who do not get enough nutrients are sometimes lazy and are unwilling to work. The foods we eat contain thousands of different chemicals. Our body, however, only needs only a few dozen of these chemicals in order to stay healthy. These are the nutrients that the body needs. Nutrients are divided into six main groups. They are (1)water, (2)carbohydrates, (3)fats, (4)proteins, (5)minerals, (6)vitamins. Water, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are called macronutrients. Since macro means large, the body needs these four nutrients in large amounts. Minerals and vitamins are called micronutrients (because micro means small). The body needs only small amounts of these nutrients. Water is the most important nutrient. Our bodies can survive without other nutrients for several weeks, but we can only go without water for about one week. Water is needed in great amounts because the body consists largely of water. Between 50 and 75 percent of a normal person's body weight is made up of water. The body needs water to carry out all of its life processes. Watery solutions help dissolve other nutrients and carry them to all of the tissues. The body also needs water to carry away waste products and to cool itself. Adults should drink about 2 1/2 quarts of water every day. The carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are needed because they have nutrients which provide energy. Carbohydrates include all sugars and starches. They are the main source of energy for living things. There are two types of carbohydrates, simple and complex. Simple carbohydrates include sugars and have a simple molecular structure. Complex carbohydrates include starches and have a larger and more complicated molecular structure. The structure consists of many simple carbohydrates linked together. Fats are a highly concentrated source of energy. All fats are composed of an alcohol called glycerol and substances called fatty acids. A fatty acid consists of a long chain of carbon atoms. There are three types of fatty acids.

Prejudice and Stereotypes in 12 Angry Men Essay

Stereotypes use generalisations to characterise people, and 10th juror is particularly prone to stereotyping the defendant based on socio-economic background. He regularly makes generalised statements about ‘those people’ (p. 6), without ever justifying his opinions with concrete details. Examples include: .I’m tellin’ you they let the kids run wild up there’ (p. 6). . ‘†¦ You’re not going to tell us that we’re supposed to believe that kid, knowing what he is. Listen, I’ve lived among ’em all my life. You can’t believe a word they say. I mean, they’re born liars. ‘ (P. 8) .The kids who crawl outa those places are real trash. I don’t want any part of them, I’m telling you (p. 12) . ‘Let’s talk facts. These people are born to lie’ †¦ ‘I’ve known some who were OK, but that’s the exception’ (pp. 51-52) . ‘They’re violent, they’re vicious, they’re ignorant, and they will cut us up’ (p. 53) The one instance where 10th juror uses details is when he argues ‘his type, they’re multiplying five times as fast as we are. That’s the statistic. ‘ (P. 53). Yet he only uses this statistic to ground his own fears: ‘They’re against us, they hate us, they want to destroy us †¦ If we don’t smack them down whenever we can, then they are gonna own us. They’re gonna breed us out of existence. ‘ (P. 53). 10th juror is not the only one guilty of such generalisation and stereotyping. For example, 4th states: The boy †¦ He’s a product of a filthy neighbourhood and a broken home †¦ Slums are breeding grounds for criminals. I know it. So do you. It’s no secret. Children from slum backgrounds are potential menaces to society. (P. 12). Similarly, 3rd juror muses: .. sometimes I think we’d be better off if we took these tough kids and slapped ’em down before they make trouble, you know? Save us a lot of time and money. (P. 3) Neither 4th nor 3rd jurors make reference to specific details of the defendant’s situation, but rather rely on generalised stereotypes which support their own prejudices against ‘those people’. In fact, 8th is the only juror to carefully review specific details from the case rather than resorting to general class stereotypes. He notes: †¦ This boy’s been kicked around all his life. You know – living in a slum, his mother dead since he was nine. He spent a year and a half in an orphanage while his father served a jail term for forgery (p. 8). This lists specific facts and variables about the boy’s upbringing, rather than distilling him into a non-specific member of a socio-economic group. Similarly, in 8th juror’s speech on page 23,he lists specific details of the victim’s rough existence – his gambling, his convictions, his employment history. This can be contrasted with 10th juror’s simplistic and prejudiced attitude: ‘listen, we know the father was a bum’ (p.24). This contrast between these two attitudes is that 8th juror is attempting to form his opinions based on the specific factors affecting the defendant and the victim, and trying to focus on the human beings in the case at hand. 10th juror is content to convict the defendant based on stereotypes and generalised tendencies of others in similar situations. Once again, by aligning the less simplistic attitude with 8th juror, Twelve Angry Men endorses compassion and condemns prejudice and stereotyping.

Law and Freedom Essay

The concept of freedom has been a highly debated topic since the creation of the constitution in the 1700’s. Freedom can be defined in many different ways. In each definition, one commonality is apparent. Everyone is seeking freedom although has it ever actually been obtained? Is it possible to reach a state of being completely free? Of course not. Being free means having no limits or restrictions. In our world today freedom is only an idea, an unreachable concept that is constantly being chased. Freedom is not a distinct idea. Its meaning to one person may be completely different to another. â€Å"The state of being free or at liberty rather than in confinement or under physical restraint.†, and â€Å"Exemption from external control, interference, regulation, etc.† are two definitions that are given for freedom at Dictionary.com. To me, freedom is the capability to express oneself. To be able to make choices on where you live, what books to read, what music to l isten to, and which religion to believe in. Freedom can also be referred to as free hand and opportunity. Free hand is the freedom to act and make decisions. That statement helped me define my concept of freedom. With the absence of the ability to make decisions and act in favor of your beliefs, freedom would not exist. Opportunity is a synonym for freedom, and without it freedom would be inexistent. When someone is restricted from living their own life, fulfilling their own dreams, and making their own decisions, they are not free. The components of freedom are democracy, constitution, and citizens. A democracy must be put into place so the opinion of the citizens is considered, as well as maintaining a peaceful state. Having a democracy will also assure that the majority will rule and the minority will be heard. The United States has had many proposed bills shut down because they have violated the rights guaranteed to the people by the constitution. This is why I believe that a constitution is one of the main components to freedom; one of its main purposes is protecting it. Without a constitution, citizens of our country would have such a frightening lack of rights. The final component necessary for freedom are the citizens. Without the citizens, there would not be a point of having a constitution because there wouldn’t be anyone to establish or fight for freedom. These components help me live my everyday life. The constitution sets out guidelines for the government and for the citizens. The constitution gives the citizens a right to be free and express themselves without any kind of judgment or consequence. These three parts of freedom allow society to express ideas, beliefs, values, and be happy. Freedom is not the inability to express personal beliefs and nor is it easy to obtain. Freedom does not exist in communist societies were a person has to watch what they say about the government. Many people feel differently about the meaning of freedom. Some may believe that they are in fact free. Others feel that complete freedom is inevitable. In my opinion, a free state would only cause chaos and possibly destruction. The free citizen has the ability to make opinions and act according to his or her own free will to achieve happiness. It is impossible to allow every citizen of a country to be free because they would eventually infringe on the freedoms of others. Freedom is a concept, an idea, it is not tangible, nor is it a reality.

Come and see us at HRD - Emphasis

Come and see us at HRD Come and see us at HRD Its less than a month until the CIPD HRD conference (thats the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Developments annual Human Resource Development event, for those who like some words with their capitals). Well be there will you? Emphasis CEO Rob Ashton will be giving a talk at 11.45 on Thursday 26 April and demonstrating his sentence supercharger technique. Come along and find out how to supercharge any sentence in 60 seconds, giving yourself a huge tactical advantage when it comes to getting your message across. Its a great opportunity to experience a key part of the acclaimed High-impact business writing course. Director Tom Wilde and Development Manager Jenny Ferguson will also be there, on stand 631. You can pre-book an appointment through our exhibitor profile and order your free copy of our style guide The Write Stuff for collection. Or just come and say hello. The HRD conference will take place on 25-26 April, at Olympia in London. Click here for tickets.

The Inventor of Mass-Producing Steel Henry Bessemer

The Inventor of Mass-Producing Steel Henry Bessemer Sir Henry Bessemer, an Englishman, invented the first process for mass-producing  steel  inexpensively in the 19th century. It was an essential contribution to the development of modern day skyscrapers. The First System for Manufacturing Steel An American, William Kelly, initially held a patent for a system of air blowing the carbon out of pig iron, a method of steel production known as the pneumatic process. Air was blown through molten pig iron to oxidize and remove unwanted impurities. This was Bessemer’s starting point. When Kelly went bankrupt, Bessemer – who had been working on a similar process for making steel – bought his patent. Bessemer patented a decarbonization process utilizing a blast of air in 1855. Modern Steel Modern steel is made using technology based on Bessemers process. On the making of the first steel ingot, Bessemer said: I well remember how anxiously I awaited the blowing of the first 7-cwt. charge of pig iron. I had engaged an ironfounders furnace attendant to manage the cupola and the melting of the charge. When his metal was nearly all melted, he came to me  and said hurriedly, Where be going to put the metal, maister? I said, I want you to run it by a gutter into that little furnace, pointing to the converter, from which you have just raked out all the fuel, and then I shall blow cold air through it to make it hot.The man looked at me in a way in which surprise and pity for my ignorance seemed curiously blended, and  he said, It will soon be all of a lump. Notwithstanding this prediction, the metal was run in, and I awaited with much impatience the result. The first element attacked by the atmospheric oxygen is the silicon, generally present in pig iron to the extent of 1 1/2 to 2 percent; it is the white metallic substance of which flint is the acid silicate. Its combustion furnishes a great deal of heat, but it is very undemonstrative, a few sparks and hot gases only indicating the fact that something is going quietly on.But after an interval of 10 or 12 minutes, when the carbon contained in grey pig iron to the extent of about 3 percent is seized on by the oxygen, a voluminous white flame is produced which rushes out of the openings provided for its escape from the upper chamber, and it brilliantly illuminates the whole space around. This chamber proved a perfect cure for the rush of slags and metal from the upper central opening of the first converter. I watched with some anxiety for the expected cessation of the flame as the carbon gradually burnt out. It took place almost suddenly, and thus indicated the entire decarburisation of the metal.The furnace was then tapped, when out rushed a limpid stream of incandescent malleable iron, almost too brilliant for the eye to rest upon. It was allowed to flow vertically into the parallel undivided ingot mould. Then came the question, would the ingot shrink enough, and the cold iron mould expand enough, to allow the ingot to be pushed out? An interval of eight or 10 minutes was allowed, and then, on the application of hydraulic force to the ram, the ingot rose entirely out of the mould and stood there ready for removal. Bessemer was knighted in 1879 for his contributions to science. The Bessemer Process for mass-producing steel was named after him. Robert Mushet is credited with inventing tungsten steel in 1868, and Henry Brearly invented stainless steel in 1916.

Assignment #1 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assignment #1 - Coursework Example The citizens enjoy several rights and freedoms but in the enjoyment of such, the people have a responsibility of ensuring that they do not hurt others. Courts therefore determine the aggrieved party and punishing the guilty party appropriately. In order to do this effectively, courts must maintain high ethical standards. The American government ensures that by developing an independent judiciary. By eliminating interference from the other two arms of the government, the judiciary enjoys the autonomy to make rulings depending on their interpretation of the law and the available evidence. Judges and prosecutors among other parties in the judiciary On the other hand must uphold high ethical standards, operate with the view of providing justice and uphold the constitutionalism in the governance of the country. The courts should provide amicable solutions to conflicts that arise in different spheres including commercial sectors among many others within the country (Halbrook, 1998). Cine should not answer the interrogations, answering the interrogations is tantamount to the party providing incriminating evidence against him or her. The Miranda rights for example is a statement that law enforcer read to suspects warning them not to talk since whatever they say is used in incriminating them in a court of law. This implies that the constitution recognizes the fact that one should not incriminate himself or herself. The prosecutor must carry out independent investigations and determine his or her own original evidence. Compelling Cine Forty Theater Group to answer the interrogations is forcing the party incriminate itself, it thus becomes appropriate for the company to reserve its thoughts on the case and use such during the court proceeding in defending itself thereby proving the other party liable. Legal proceedings have effective legislations governing the operations and actions of each party conjoined in a court case. Contempt of court is a

Analytical Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Analytical Report - Essay Example The report analyses financial statements of the two firms in order to understand whether they have been successful in their operations. The client list is also analyzed to get a clear picture of the type of customers the firm deals with. The report has also made an observation on global presence of the two firms. By understanding the global presence, the report is able to review the benefits that come with that. In conclusion, the best alternative would be PwC. The firm has established itself globally and evenly in the regions of interest. The firm has also been aggressive in expanding its market share and customer operations by taking new member firms every year. With acquisition of new firms and mergers, the firm has ensured improved service delivery in a more efficient manner. The client list also has so much impact on the decision. Major global corporations that are world leaders in their industry are working together with the firm and this shows customer loyalty and confidence. Apple Inc. is a global technology company based in California USA. The company focuses on designing, developing and selling of mobile phones, computer gadgets, online services, consumer electronics among other products and services. Founded in 1976, Apple is currently the worlds second largest technological company by revenue. The company is listed in NASDAQ and on 19th March 2015, it joined the Dow Jones Industrial average. With over 98,000 employees, the company has 437 retail stores globally. In the financial year 2014, the company accumulated a total US DDDD 182 billion in revenue. Apple is the largest company that is traded publicly with operating segments in America, Europe, Asia Pacific and Africa. With such a significant financial operation, there is need to have a proper financial management, audit, analysis and monitoring. The sole purpose of this report is primarily to facilitate the

Article Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

Article Critique - Essay Example Purpose of the research The research sought to establish the factors from the SCT standpoint that influence the consumption behaviour of fruits and vegetables among the adolescents in the low-income bracket of the black Americans in the lower Mississippi Delta region. Personal, environmental as well as behavioural factors have been investigated in the study to establish the extent to which they influence the consumption patterns of fruits and vegetables by the targeted adolescents. Method of the research This qualitative research used the focus group methodology to collect data from the participants. 42 adolescents between the ages of 10 and 13 years were involved in the focus groups which were divided equally into six. 21 female and 21 male adolescents were involved in this study. The advantage of this method is that it enabled the researcher to get personal opinions from the participants about the factors that influenced their consumption behaviour and patterns of fruits and vegeta bles. Results of the research The results of the research have been divided into three main categories of the Social Cognitive Theory which include behavioural, personal and environmental factors. ... Personal factors such as taste played a major role in influencing the consumption behaviour of fruits and vegetables among the youths who participated in the survey. There were both negative and positive connotations about the taste of fruits and vegetables. For instance, many youths revealed that they like fruits because of their sweet taste while the taste of vegetables produced more negative reactions. Many youths described the taste of vegetables as â€Å"nasty† and they said that they would rather prefer to eat vegetables that have been prepared with sugar or cheese since these ingredients could improve the taste. The results of the study also revealed that environmental factors have an influence on the consumption behaviour of fruits and vegetables by the youths. The aspect of availability played a major role in influencing the behaviour of youths towards fruits and vegetables. Many participants pointed out that fruits and vegetables were not readily available at their h omes as well as the nearby grocery shops. Some of the youths said they ate fruits and vegetables when they visit their friends’ places. This showed that the youths cannot be able to consume something they cannot readily access and this is seen as a barrier to their consumption behaviour of the fruits and vegetables. Conclusion of the research The purpose of this research was to explore factors that influence the low-income southern black American adolescents' fruit and vegetable consumption patterns with the aim of developing tools that are culturally relevant for intervention and measurement of behaviour among this target group with regards to choice of fruits and

Theories of Social Work in Practice

Theories of Social Work in Practice Social work as a practice was not defined as a profession until the early 20th century even in other countries there are different ideas as to what a social worker is; for example in some developing countries what in the United Kingdom as a youth worker is seen as a social worker. In England a probation officer does not need to be a qualified social worker whereas in Scotland it is necessary for the individual to be qualified. In Scotland social workers are registered with the Scottish Social Services Council (SSSC) and have to abide by their professional code of conduct, which is important as a national guideline due to social work being such a diverse area. It is important for social work to abide by these guidelines but also to use theories that are of relevance to inform their practice. Social work theory throughout the years has continued to be an important part of social work practice. The purpose of this assignment is to critically discuss and analyse the relevance to two of these theories into practice using the ODonnell family. The two theories this assignment will look at is the attachment theory, Eriksons eight stages of man and also to look at anti oppressive practice. It is important to look at these different types of theories as they are all important dynamics that are necessary for social workers to understand the society, individuals and politically and socially influenced world in which they have to work in. An example of a mid range theory is the theory of attachment, the first theory of attachment was written by John Bowlby; Bowlby believed that the attachment between mother and infant was important to the childs future development. Bowlby also believed in four characteristics of attachment: proximity management, safe haven, secure base and separation distress. If a child suffers separation from their primary carer (their mother) then this may manifest into social problems later in life however if the child has unpredictable contact with their mother then it will have insecure attachment. Bowlby later looked at attachment throughout different ages and stages of development, to understand how a person that losses or is separated from an individual they had developed an attachment with would be affected. It has been identified that attachment behaviour is inbuilt as it can be triggered if a child is scared or frightened. If a child feels loved and valued by their primary caregiver it is highly likely that the child will develop a good level of self-esteem and perhaps may be more confident and independent in later life due to a feeling of belonging and acceptance. However should a child feel they are rejected or neglected by their primary caregiver it is like they may feel unwanted and unlovable. The positive example of attachment would allow the child to develop a trusting bond which would not be the case with the negative attachment example. This relates to Eriksons eight stages of man; this is an infants stage of psychosocial development which has two paths a child can take depending on the care they receive trust versus mistrust is established. This theory of attachment was developed further by Mary Ainsworth in the 1970s in her study Strange Situations based on observing children aged twelve to eighteen months, she described three types of attachment that she discovered during her studies these were; secure, ambivalent and avoidant attachment. Secure attachment is seen as the most preferred and beneficial to a childs positive development; the care given by the primary caregiver would be attentive and provide a solid base for the child to progress emotionally, socially and intellectually. Ambivalent attachment tends to occur when the primary carer is unreliable and unstable this would be classed as emotional neglect which may leave the child unsure of their place within the family which may result in the child displaying distressing or anxious behaviour. Children who are victims of this type of behaviour may be very attention seeking in order to gain the focus of those around them that they do not get at home. A child howev er that is a victim of avoidant attachment would perhaps be less likely to show their true feelings or talk about them as they are afraid of those they are close to leaving them. The childs lack of emotional response would possibly be because the primary caregiver in these cases will perhaps show more care and attention when the child is content however if the child shows visible signs of distress or need they will pull away from them. In some cases children exposed to avoidant care givers may take drugs or alcohol to cope with their fear of rejection from others. This attachment theory was even further developed by Main and Solomon in the 1980s they outlined a further type of attachment called disorganised attachment or insecure attachment, a childs primary caregiver in this stage is confusing to the child. Children who are subject to these varying behaviours tend to fear the loss of that attention even though they are given the attention they require. A child who has been unable to have a secure attachment, for example through abuse, fostering or adoption, is more likely to have problems in future with their relationships with others or suffer emotionally. Attachment theory has been used in social work to work with children and families and has more recently become part of mental health practice. It is important to acknowledge in social work how a persons past in terms of the family unit they were brought up in and the level of care they received can affect them in the present; also how the individuals past experiences can affect their own children. However it is also important for social workers to look other theories as well to help inform their practice and not focus on a singular theory. This theory is also a past orientated theory as it looks at how the past effects the present. In relation to the ODonnell family Kate would appear to have been a victim of avoidant attachment due to being left by her mother and taken into care at an early age. Because of her past she may be fearful of her children rejecting her as her self esteem would have been affected due to being in and out of care homes. This difficulty in attaining meaningful attachments may also have contributed to her being a lone parent and Kate is repeating history with her own children as they are developing a meaningful attachment with her friend Frances. It is also significantly appropriate to examine how this is affecting Kates children and how this may manifest later if intervention is not made by social workers to bring a closer bond to the primary carer. A further mid range theory that was touched upon in a previous passage was established by a psychosocial psychologist by the name of Erik Erikson. Eriksons theory was loosely based around Freuds past works however it was developed into what is called Eriksons Eight Stages of Man. According to Erikson at certain ages throughout a persons life they will go down one of two developmental paths, however it is necessary for those using this theory that it is not simply one path or the other. Erikson acknowledged the fact that although a person should go down the The eight stages are Trust versus Mistrust, Autonomy versus Shame, Doubt, Initiative versus Guilt, Industry versus Inferiority, Identity versus Identity Confusion, Intimacy versus Isolation, Generativity versus Self-Absorption, and finally the last stage Integrity versus Despair. The first stage takes place in infancy this is when a child is most vulnerable as they rely entirely on their care givers; if the child comes to know that they can rely on their primary caregiver as the care giver is continuously there for them then they will develop to trust more than a child whom is ignored or has unreliable caregivers and develops mistrust. Each oof these stages has an impact on the next stage of development and therefore it is detrimental to producing a balanced human being that the child passes through with more positive experiences of emotional development than negative. In the second stage autonomy versus shame this takes place when a child is around the ages of one to four the third stage initiative versus guilt takes place between the ages of four and six, if a child has in stage four the child between the ages of six to twelve industry versus inferiority In stage five identity versus role confusion this takes place in adolescence generally between the ages of twelve and twenty; at this age an up and coming adult is most likely to be at the peak of peer pressure and will be discovering who they are both as a person and sexually. This can be a very hard time for individuals but with a good base they will be likely to find who they are with easae however it is possible that they will become confused for example the loss of a father figure for a boy may result in that person being unable to undersand why the Eriksons eight stages of man have been criticized due to the fact that it was based ona study of men, it can be seen as a rigid document and does not take into account individual factors. For example an individual whom has a severe learning disability and perhaps has been psychologically examined to be at a mental age of five will not suffer from the complexities of stage five although that may be their corresponding age with Erikson s chart. Although this criticism should be kept in mind, Eriksons stages of man can be a useful tool as a guideline for use in social work. Although Eriksons model may seem very black and white it is important to remember that during each stage of development in order to have a healthy perspective in life, it is important in each stage that the strongest is the positive from the scale, there must be some level of negative development; for example a little bit of mistrust is healthy as to trust naively would eventually result in a individual putting themselves in danger. Trust versus Mistrust takes place during infancy; the route in which the infants personality takes depends on the parent to provide those needs that the infant cannot satisfy itself. If the mother does not take care of her child through neglect the infant will not develop basic trust and will take a negative step on the psychosocial scale. Autonomy versus Shame, Doubt takes place during early childhood, starting in a childs second year of life, once again children are reliant on their parents to support them during this stage. This is when a toddler tries to become an individual. If the childs vulnerability does not get the necessary support from the care givers then they will develop a sense of shame and doubt. Initiative versus Guilt takes place also during childhood normally developing during the ages of four and five; this is where a child tries to establish their own boundaries as they try to establish their identity In stage four, Industry versus Inferiority, taking place up until puberty, this is when a child tries to be recognized for their achievements, for example at school for doing a project, however if they do not get this desired recognition and feeling of achievement then it can result on them developing a feeling of inferiority, inadequacy. Parents still play an important role in this stage however as it takes place primarily at school, teachers are important. Stage five, identity versus identity confusion takes place during adolescence this is when the individual try to find a sense of themselves, this Stage six, intimacy versus isolation is the first stage to take place during adulthood, intimacy with other human beings can only happen when identity is established. The intimacy can be with a friend or a lover it involves merging personalities with others. It is important for an individual to have this intimacy otherwise it can result in them being alone and withdrawn. Stage seven, Ge nerativity versus stagnation, this is the second stage an individual goes through in adulthood, people who are generative are productive, tolerant and able to care for others and themselves equally. It is not always expressed through parenthood sometimes it can be through being a teacher. Those who are unable to develop in this stage result in a feeling of being stuck as they are unable to care for other people properly. The eighth stage is integrity versus despair, this takes place during old age, an individual in this stage establishes integrity being satisfied with their life and believing it was important and had a purpose. The person who reflects on life positively, according to Erikson, have an acceptance of death. However, a person who reflects on their life, feeling full of regret of their past it is also shown through a report to researchers that those who were more feeble through their bodys degeneration felt as though they had little control (Geppert Halisch, 2001) and t herefore despair would occur as they were not as willing to accept death. (Cloninger, 2008). Eriksons theory of psychosocial development was based on clinical evidence there has been further research into this work specifically in the adolescent stage of identity versus identity confusion. This research was accomplished by James Marcia whom

Healthcare: for all or citizens only? Essay -- Legal Issues, Immigrati

Everyday someone is sent to the hospital. Not only are they in fear of losing their life but also in fear of being in debt due to the prices of health care treatment they need. But what if this patient happens to be an illegal immigrant? Should doctors deny him/her because they lack citizenship? Or should illegal immigrants be treated just like any other patients by having a right to health care? Throughout the past decade restrictions on eligibility for taxpayer-subsidized medical care has risen at both the state and national level. Some of these restrictions are based on laws and reform acts that have been produced by legal organizations as well as political federations. On a federal level, the Welfare Reform Act of 1996 (PRWORA) prohibits hospital districts from offering free or discounted nonemergency medical care for noncitizens (Rao, 2003, p.1). Immigrants are taking advantage of the healthcare we provide for the nation, yet some of them are not even legal citizens. According to the Federation for American Immigration Reform (a non-profit group that opposes illegal immigration), the cost of treating illegal aliens’ amounted to nearly $11 billion in 2009. However, the HRI (Health Research Institute) reported that the government spent approximately $2.2 trillion on United States citizens in 2009. Illegal immigrants are net consumers of public services and they contribute to economic growth (McCarthy, 1995). Since 1990, immigrants have contributed to job growth in three main ways: They fill an increasing share of jobs overall, they take jobs in labor-scarce regions, and they fill the types of jobs native workers often shun. The foreign-born make up only 11.3 percent of the U.S. population and 14 percent of the labor force... ... Administration nevertheless improperly approved almost every claim of â€Å"noncitizen† workers who had been issued a Social Security number after the effective date, but who lacked the required work authorization. It is already unjust that these poor people are working for and contributing to the government, yet they are not receiving social security like everyone else. Based on this information, it should be legalized that illegal immigrants should have the right to health care. These hard working migrants contribute so much to the economy and are not repaid properly because they are not American citizens. In addition, they are the ones who do the â€Å"minor† and low paying careers that no one would ever think of doing. Our nation is one that is built on the foundation of equality and freedom for all and because of that we should all be entitled to the same priorities.

Research methods in education Essay

This topic will give you the overview of a research report and an example of a research report. After completing this topic, you should be able to explain the chapter contents of: (a) Research Problem; (b) Review of the Literature; (c) Research Method; (d) Research Findings; and (e) Conclusions (Figure 2. 1). Figure 2. 1: Topic Contents 2. 2 EXAMPLE OF A RESEARCH REPORT â€Å"THE EFFECTS OF PREREQUISITE MATHEMATICS ABILITY, TEACHING METHOD AND ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS ON MATHEMATICS ACHIEVEMENT† CHAPTER 1 RESEARCH PROBLEM 1. 1 Introduction State the purpose of research and explain the brief contents/subtopics of section/ chapter. The purpose of this research was to determine whether prerequisite mathematics ability, teaching method and English language skills affect mathematics achievement. This chapter will explain the background of research, statement of the research problem, purpose of research, importance of research, limitations of research, definition of terms, and summary. 1. 2Background of Research Explain the motivation for carrying out this research in terms of theoretical issues or practical problems. Lately, mathematics achievement of most students in both the primary and secondary schools is deteriorating. The teaching of mathematics in English does affect mathematics learning for some students, but it creates significant problems for others. Schools had tried to solve some of these problems, but still could not improve mathematics achievement of these students. 1. 3 Statement of Research Problem Explain the factors/variables to be included in this research, show the conceptual/theoretical framework of research, and state the research problem. The literature on teaching and learning mathematics indicated that prerequisite mathematics ability is necessary for students to understand any new mathematics content. Beside prerequisite mathematics, most of past research showed that proper teaching mathematics can improve students’ performance in mathematics. Lately, research on mathematics learning discovered that English language skills facilitate mathematics learning. The theoretical framework of the research is given in Figure 1. 1. This research attempted to determine whether prerequisite mathematics ability, English language skills, and teaching method affect mathematics achievement. Figure 1. 1 Theoretical Framework of the Research 1. 4Purpose of Research Explain the purpose of research, research objectives, research questions and research hypotheses (if any). The purpose of this research was to determine whether prerequisite mathematics ability, teaching method and English language skills affect mathematics achievement. The objectives of this research were: 1. 4. 1 Research Objectives This research was carried out with the following objectives: (a) To determine the effect of prerequisite mathematics ability on mathematics achievement. (b) To determine the effect of teaching method on mathematics achievement. (c) To determine the effect of English language skills on mathematics achievement. 1. 4. 2 Research Questions This research was carried out to answer the following research questions: (a) What is the effect of prerequisite mathematics ability on mathematics achievement? (b) What is the effect of teaching method on mathematics achievement? (c) What is the effect of English language skills on mathematics achievement? 1. 4. 3 Research Hypotheses The following null hypotheses were formulated to answer the research questions: (a) There is no difference in mathematics achievement between students with low and high prerequisite mathematics abilities. (b) There is no difference in mathematics achievement between students who are taught using direct instruction and cooperative learning. (c) There is no difference in mathematics achievement between students with low and high English language skills. 1.5Importance of Research Explain the importance of research findings in terms of theory confirmation/building or their implications to practitioners. The findings of this research hopefully will create awareness among school administrators and mathematics teachers of the necessity to prepare students with English language skills and prerequisite mathematics knowledge before teaching new mathematics content. The findings also will h elp mathematics teachers to choose appropriate mathematics teaching method to improve students’ mathematics achievement. 1. 6Limitations of Research Explain the limitations of this research in terms of population, sample, instruments, data analyses or other related problems to the research. This research was carried out in two secondary schools in Petaling Jaya area with a sample of 120 students. The prerequisite mathematics ability, teaching method and English language skills were classified into only two categories each. The instruments were limited to prerequisite mathematics test, English language test, and mathematics post-test. Interaction effects of prerequisite mathematics ability and English language skills with teaching method were not investigated in this research. 1. 7Definition of Terms Give the constitutive (conceptual) and operational (measurement) definitions of the terms/variables used in the research. The followings were the key terms used in this research and their constitutive and operational definitions: (a) Mathematics achievement Mathematics achievement can be defined as the ability of a person to solve mathematical problems at a difficulty level that is appropriate to the person. In this research, mathematics achievement was measured using a mathematics post-test that covered the syllabus on area of triangle,rectangle, and circle. (b) Prerequisite mathematics ability †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1. 8Summary Give a summary of important aspects explained in this section/chapter. This research was carried out to improve students’ mathematics achievement. The purpose of this research was to determine whether prerequisite mathematics ability, teaching method and English language skills affect mathema tics achievement. The research, which was conducted in two secondary schools in Petaling Jaya area, used teacher-made tests to collect the required research data. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE RREVIEW 2. 1 Introduction Explain the brief contents of section/chapter. This chapter presents the Literature Review which is divided into Related Literature and Related Research. The Related Literature explains prerequisite mathematics, language skills, direct instruction and cooperative learning. The Related Research presents some research on the effects of prerequisite mathematics ability, language skills and teaching method on mathematics achievement. 2. 2 Related Literature Explain concepts, theories, principles or models that are related to the research problem. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of prerequisite mathematics ability, teaching method and English language skills on mathematics achievement. This section will explain the two teaching methods that were used in this research, namely, direct instruction and cooperative learning; and also the roles of prerequisite knowledge and language skills in teaching and learning. 2. 2. 1 Direct Instruction Slavin (2006) defined â€Å"direct instruction† as â€Å"an approach to teaching in which lessons are goal-oriented and structured by the teacher†. The teacher transmits information directly to students by structuring class time so that the students achieve the clearly stated objectives as efficient as possible. It is efficient for teaching a well-defined body of knowledge or skills such as mathematics. Direct Instruction comprises of the following seven (7) steps of activities: (a) State Learning Objectives and Orient Students to Lesson; (b) Review Prerequisites; (c) Present New Materials; (d) Conduct Learning Probes; (e) Provide Independent Practice; (f) Assess Performance and Provide Feedback; and (g) Provide Distributed Practice and Review. 2. 2. 2 Cooperative Learning Slavin (2006) defined â€Å"cooperative learning† as â€Å"instructional methods in which students work together in small groups to help each other learn†. The students are prepared with specific skills that will help them work better in a group. These skills include active listening, giving clear explanations, avoiding negative comments, etc. An effective cooperative learning model is called Student Teams-Achievement Divisions (STAD). STAD comprises of the following four (4) steps of activities: (a) Teach – the teacher present the lesson; (b) Team Study – students work on worksheets in their teams to master the material; (c) Test – students take individual tests; and (d) Team Recognition – team scores are computed based on team members’ improvement scores and class newsletter recognizes high-scoring teams. 2. 3 Related Research Explain and comment about previous research/ studies that are related to the research problem in terms of population, sample, instruments, analyses, findings and limitations. Based on the research framework, this section will present the previous research/ studies related to the effects of prerequisite mathematics ability, teaching method and English language skills on mathematics achievement. Specifically, this section will present the research on direct instruction (Systematic Instruction) and cooperative learning (Student Teams-Achievement Divisions – STAD). 2. 3. 1 Research on Direct Instruction The Systematic Instruction (SI) is one form/model of Direct Instruction. SI is a comprehensive Direct Instruction approach with a high degree of structure. Studies on the evaluation of nine programmes using Direct Instruction were carried out (in Slavin, 2006). DISTAR and Behaviour Analysis, the two highly structured Direct Instruction programmes, were found most successful in improving students’ reading and mathematics achievement. Of the nine programmes, only DISTAR was successful in improving low-achieving disadvantaged students close to the national average achievement. DISTAR and Behaviour Analysis students were also highest in self-esteem. About 60% of DISTAR students graduated from high school, compared to only 38% of other students in the same school. 2. 3. 2 Research on Cooperative Learning Slavin (1986) had done a research on Student Teams-Achievement Divisions (STAD). The research found that students learn substantially more in cooperative learning than in traditional/direct instruction, if two conditions are made. First, there must be some reward or recognition given to students, such as certificates. Second, each group must make sure that all of their members are learning, not just the good ones. When these conditions are met, cooperative learning is effective in grades 2 through 12, in all subjects and in many types of schools. Other than academic achievement, cooperative learning had positive effect on race relations, self-esteem, and attitudes toward school (Slavin, 1990). 2. 4 Summary Give a summary of important aspects explained in this section/chapter. This chapter presented the Literature Review for this research. The Related Literature discussed about direct instruction, cooperative learning, and the roles of prerequisite knowledge and skills and language skills in teaching and learning. The Related Research discussed about the research on direct instruction, namely, Systematic Instruction, and cooperative learning, namely, Student Teams-Achievement Divisions. CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHOD 3. 1 Introduction Introduction Explain the brief contents of section/chapter. This chapter presents the Research Method which is divided into Research Design, Population and Sample, Research Instruments, Procedure for Data Collection, Procedure for Data Analyses, Pilot Study, and Summary. This research used experimental design to investigate the effects of prerequisite mathematics ability, English language skills, and teaching method on mathematics achievement. 3. 2 Research Design A factorial experimental design was used to investigate the effects of three independent variables; namely, prerequisite mathematics ability, English language skills, and teaching method; on the dependent variable of mathematics achievement. This section will explain the factorial design with each of the independent variable having two levels. The two levels of prerequisite mathematics ability were low and high; the two levels of English language skills were low and high; and the two levels of teaching method were direct instruction and cooperative learning. A (2x2x2) factorial design was used in this research with a total of eight groups/cells. The factorial design is shown in Table 3. 1. Table 3. 1: (2x2x2) Factorial Design on Mathematics Achievement Prerequisite Mathematics Ability Low High English Language Skills: Low Direct Instruction Direct Instruction English Language Skills: High Direct Instruction Direct Instruction Prerequisite Mathematics Ability Low High English Language Skills: Low Cooperative Learning Cooperative Learning English Language Skills: High Cooperative Learning Cooperative Learning 3. 3 Population and Sample Explain the scope/limitation of research in terms of population and sample & how respondents are selected. This was a part of an action research planned for a public secondary school in Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. The research population comprised of all the Form 4 students in the school for the school year of 2009. A total of 240 Form 4 students were randomly selected as research sample. Other population and sample were not considered in this research, since it was an action research for the school. 3. 4 Research Instruments Explain research instruments to be used and how they are developed/ constructed. There were four instruments used in this research, namely: (a) Backgrounds Questionnaire to collect data on backgrounds of respondents; (b) Prerequisite Mathematics Pretest to measure students’ prerequisite mathematics ability; (c) English Language Pretest to measure students’ English language skills; and (d) Mathematics Posttest to measure students’ mathematics achievement. The four research instruments were developed by two mathematics teachers and two English Language teachers from the school. The Backgrounds Questionnaire was focused on students’ gender, ethnic, stream, and PMR Mathematics grade. The Mathematics Pretest and Posttest were developed based on the topic of Probability and Statistics, while the English Language Pretest was developed based on Form 4 syllabus. 3. 5 Procedure for Data Collection Explain step-by-step of the procedure for data collection from obtaining the permission to do research to how the data were collected. The 240 Form 4 students were called to meet the School Principal and researchers at the school’s hall. They were briefed about the research and were given the Backgrounds Questionnaire, Prerequisite Mathematics Pretest, and English Language Pretest. After the results of the Prerequisite Mathematics Pretest and English Language Pretest were obtained, the students were classified into four groups of 60 students each, namely: (a) studentswith â€Å"low† Prerequisite Mathematics scores and â€Å"low† in English Language scores; (b) students with â€Å"low† Prerequisite Mathematics scores and â€Å"high† in English Language scores; (c) students with â€Å"high† Prerequisite Mathematics scores and â€Å"low† in English Language scores; and (d) students with â€Å"high† Prerequisite Mathematics scores a nd â€Å"high† in English Language scores. Each of the four groups of students was later assigned randomly to two groups of 30 students each to form a total of eight groups. One mathematics teacher was trained on how to teach mathematics using Direct Instruction, and another mathematics teacher was trained to teach mathematics using Cooperative Learning. After the training, one of the mathematics teachers taught four of groups of students on the topic of Probability and Statistics for a period of three weeks using Direct Instruction. The other four groups of students were taught by the other mathematics teacher on the topic of Probability and Statistics also for a period of three weeks using Cooperative Learning. At the end of three weeks, all students were given the Mathematics Posttest. 3. 6 Procedure for Data Analyses Explain step-by-step of the procedure for data analyses from marking the test(s) to how the data were analyzed to answer each research question. One English language teacher was asked to mark the English Language Pretest answer scripts, one mathematics teacher was asked to mark the Prerequisite Mathematics Pretest answer scripts, and another mathematics teacher was asked to mark the Mathematics Posttest answer scripts, based on the marking schemes provided by the researcher. The backgrounds information of the students and their Prerequisite Mathematics Pretest scores, English Language Pretest scores, and Mathematics Posttest scores were entered into a computer file for analyses. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze the research data. Frequencies and percentages were used to analyze the backgrounds of students who participated in the research. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to test the following null hypotheses on the main effects of the independent variables investigated at 0. 05 level of significant. The following null hypotheses were formulated to answer the research questions: (a) There is no difference in mathematics achievement between students with low and high prerequisite mathematics abilities. (b) There is no difference in mathematics achievement between students who are taught using lecture method and cooperative method. (c) There is no difference in mathematics achievement between students with low and high English language skills. 3. 7 Pilot Study 4 Explain how you carried out the pilot study and improvements you made on your research after the pilot study. A pilot study for the research was carried out in the same school when the two mathematics teachers were given the training on how to teach mathematics using Direct Instruction and Cooperative Learning. A small sample of 20 students was used in the pilot study, whereby the students were given the Backgrounds Questionnaire, English Language Pretest, Prerequisite Mathematics Pretest, and Mathematics Posttest. The students were interviewed by the researcher on their understanding of the Questionnaire, Pretests, and Posttest. The researcher had refined the Questionnaire, and a new set of equivalent English Language Pretest, Prerequisite Mathematics Pretest, and Mathematics Posttest were developed by the same two mathematics teachers and two English Language teachers based on the comments from students. 3. 8 Summary Give a summary of important aspects explained in this section/chapter. This chapter presented the Research Method that was focused on the Research Design, Population and Sample, Research Instruments, Procedure for Data Collection, Procedure for Data Analyses and Pilot Study. The research was carried out on 240 Form 4 students from a public secondary school in Petaling Jaya, Selangor. A Backgrounds Questionnaire, an English Language Pretest, a Prerequisite Mathematics Pretest, and a Mathematics Posttest were used as research instruments. A pilot study was carried out at the same school and the instruments were refined based on students’ comments. Descriptive statistics were used to explain the backgrounds of respondents, while ANOVA was used to test the null hypotheses of the research. CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH FINDINGS 4. 1 Introduction Explain the brief contents of section/chapter. This chapter presents the Research Findings which is divided into the Backgrounds of Respondents and the Results of Data Analyses and Research Findings. The Backgrounds of Respondents discuss the composition of respondents by gender and ethnic. The Results of Data Analyses and Research Findings explain the results of Analysis of Variance on Mathematics Achievement and the hypothesis tests on the effects of Prerequisite Mathematics, Teaching Method, and English Language Skills on Mathematics Achievement. 4. Backgrounds of Respondents Explain the backgrounds of the research respondents, e. g. their gender, age, family income, etc. This research was carried out at a public secondary school in Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. A total of 240 Form 4 students were randomly selected as research sample. These students were assigned to four groups based on the results of Prerequisite Mathematics Pretest and English Language Skills Pretest. The background of respondents in terms of gender, ethnic, mean score and standard deviation (SD) of Prerequisite Mathematics, and mean  score and standard deviation (SD) of English Language Skills are given in Table 4. 1. The respondents comprised of 120 male students (50%), 120 female students (50%); which were made up of 120 Malay students (50%), 96 Chinese students (40%), and 24 Indian students (10%). In terms of Prerequisite Mathematics and English Language Skills, Group 1 (Low Math & English) comprised of 60 students with mean of 31. 8% in Prerequisit e Mathematics and 42. 6% in English Language Skills. Group 2 (Low Math & High English) comprised of 60 students with mean of 32. 1% in Prerequisite Mathematics and 72.